Suo - Mires and peat vol. 32 no. 4-5

Antti Reinikainen. Mallit suoekosysteemitutkimuksen ja soiden käytön apuvälineinä.

English title: Models as means in the investigation and use of mire-ecosystem.

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A survey about the recent state of the importance of mire-ecosystem models in Finnish circumstances was made. The developmental level of the models in question was in early 1970ies not very high. They were working models based mainly on the general sketches on an ecosystem. The task of the study project presented in this paper (Suo 4—5/1981) was to collect empirical raw material to relevant models of certain basic structures and functions of southern boreal mire-ecosystems. The project succeeded in giving dimensions and levels of the parameters concerning primary production of the mires in question. A dynamic model of the primary production of the whole community in a raised bog is being constructed. With regard to the decomposition pool some basic data on soil animal populations was collected, and the total decomposition was tried to determine. The vertical environmental gradients in the peat were found to be important. Although the results of the project could not much improve the models of ecosystem functions (Fig. 2) empirical material was produced available for mathematical modelling.

Reinikainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Harri Vasander. Luonnontilaisen keidasrämeen sekä lannoitetun ojikon ja muuttuman ravinnevarat.

English title: Nutrients in an ombrotrophic bog ecosystem in the virgin state and after forest-improvements.

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The study was carried out in three ombrotrophic bog sites, a virgin pine bog (Kaurastensuo), a site with NPK-fertilization in 1970 and a site with NPK-fertilization in 1978 (plot no. 8 in Reinikainen & Lindholm 1980; Fig. 1). Samples for nutrient analysis were taken in October 1979, and the following total nutrients were determined: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, B. The amount of plant biomass and production was calculated according to Vasander (1981). The surface peat (0—20 cm) was very poor in nutrients compared to earlier observations in pine bog sites. In the site NPK -1978 there were probably still hails of slow-soluble fertilizers as the amounts of P and Ca were high in the ground layer (Fig. 1). The amounts of nutrients were usually proportionally higher in the field layer vegetation and the needles than were their proportions of biomass and production (Fig. 1, Table 2). However, there was little B and Cu in the needles except for in the site NPK-1978 (Fig. 1). According to the estimated nutrient budget (Table 3), 23.7 kg/ha K corresponding to 43 % of the added potassium was found neither in the surface peat nor in the vegetation. If it all had leached, the annual loss would evenly distributed be 2,63 kg/ha. This loss is of the same magnitude as leaching found in earlier studies of fertilized bogs, but appr. twice the value of virgin bogs. The budget was positive for phosphorus and nitrogen mainly because of the compression and increasing bulk density of the peat in NPK-1970. In the last years the supply of N and P has not been sufficient to maintain post-fertilization pine growth level.

Vasander, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Merja Lehmusvuori. Valunta ja ravinteiden huuhtoutuminen Laavisuon ojitus- ja lannoitusalueelta 1980.

English title: Runoff and leaching of nutrients from the drained and fertilized bog Laaviosuo in 1980.

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The seasonal fluctuation of runoff and nutrient contents and loads of bog waters were studied from April to October in 1980 in the drained and fertilized ombrotrophic bog in Lammi, southern Finland. The nutrient loads were calculated on basis of the observations in three small drainage basins (Table 1). The data included continuous runoff observations and weekly made water quality observations. The concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and Fe were analysed; pH and conductivity were measured (Table 2). Nutrient contents varied more in one weir during the study period than between the weirs at certain sampling time. Concentrations and loads were clearly dependent on the runoff. The monthly loads of N, P and K varied significantly during the observation period. More than half of the observed leaching occurred during April and May. The losses of K and N were higher from the ditched and fertilized drainage basin than from the virgin area, but P loads were about the same in all the basins. Annual nutrient yields calculated for three ombrotrophic bog watersheds were generally low and quite similar to results in earlier studies.

Lehmusvuori, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Liisa Tuominen. Selluloosan hajoaminen eräillä luonnontilaisilla räme- ja nevatyypeillä.

English title: Decomposition of cellulose in the peat of some pine bogs and fens.

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Cellulose decomposition rates and the vertical distribution of the activity of decomposers were studied during one year in the mires Heinisuo and Kaurasten-suo in the following mire site types: LuSN, TuSN, LkN, KR, RaR, TR, NR and RhNR. The most important factor controlling the decomposition was oxygen availability due to the ground water table and its stability. Another important factor was the temperature, as was seen when comparing the results of the summer and the winter observations. In some cases the decomposition activity depended on the trophic level of the mire site type, for example in the hollows of RaR, TR, NR, and RhNR.

Tuominen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Ilkka Markkula. Maaperäeläinten vertikaalijakauma luonnontilaisella ja ojitetulla keidasrämeellä.

English title: Vertical distributin of foil animals in a virgin and drained raised bog.

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Vertical distribution of soil mites, springtails and enchytraeid worms was studied in virgin and forest-improved parts of a raised bog Laaviosuo in Lammi in 1975 and -76. The forest-improving practices were drainage in 1966 and NPK-fertilization in 1970. The drainage had lowered the ground water table by 10—15 cm (Table 1.). In both the virgin and the drained study sites, the water table was deeper in the Sphagnum /uscu/n-dwarf shrub-dominated hummocks than in the S.angustifolium-Eriophorum-dominated hollows. Those micro-relief structures were considered as separate microhabitats. The ground water table was closely correlated with the topsoil moisture and it also stated the lower limit of aerobic conditions in the peat. In the hollows the animals were relatively more restricted to the uppermost soil layers than in the hummocks (Fig. 1). This was most probably due to the high water table and thin aerobic layer in the hollows. The distribution of enchytraeids and prostigmatid mites had changed after drainage so that a greater portion of animals lived in the deeper soil layers in relation to the virgin site. In the other animal groups no such difference was observed. The vertical distribution of enchytraeids and ori-batids is plotted against the ground water table in Figs. 2 and 3. The very significant correlations result from great differences between the microhabitats. Inside the microhabitats there were no close correlations (Table 2). In the samples taken from frozen soil most enchytraeids and oribatids were usually found in the deeper soil layers (Tables 3 and 4). This most probably resulted from active migration to avoid coldness. However, in the virgin site hollows the oribatids stayed in the topsoil, possibly because the waterlogged and anaerobic conditions in deeper layers are unsuitable for their overwintering.

Markkula, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Heidi Raevaara. Maaperäeläimistö kolmella rämebiotoopilla (TR, NR ja RhNR).

English title: Soil fauna in three pine bog sites.

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Three natural pine bog sites TR, NR and RhNR (see Ruuhijärvi & Reinikainen 1981, Lindholm 1981) in the mire Heinisuo were studied in 1980 with regard to certain parts of the soil fauna. Samples were taken monthly. The micro-habitats of the hummocks and hollows were treated separately. The results on animal numbers are presented preliminary. Nematods (Fig. 1) amounted to on an average 64 000—91 000 specimens/m2 in the uppermost 3 cm of the peat. There were no regular differences between the sites. Small amount of nematods was obviously due to too great sample pieces. Enchytraeids (Fig. 2) reached numbers of the same magnitude observed in other pine bog sites, 6 800—12 800/m2. There were less enchytraeids in the poorest habitat TR. The vertical and horizontal distribution as well as the seasonal fluctuation of enchytraeids were similar to those of the nematods. The occurrence of lumbricids and macro-arthropods (Table 1) showed greater differences between the micro-habitats than between the site types. The numbers were in general higher than those in the drier pine bog habitats IR and RaR (see Vilkamaa 1981, Markkula 1981).

Raevaara, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Pekka Vilkamaa. Isovarpuisen rämeen ja sen metsäparannusmuuttumien maaperäeläimistö.

English title: Soil fauna in a virgin and two drained dwarf shrub pine bogs.

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The densities and biomasses of different soil invertebrate groups were investigated 1) in a dwarf shrub pine bog in its virgin state, 2) in a young (20 years) drainage area fertilized with NPK and 3) in an old (60 years) unfertilized drainage area of the same bog type. Monthly samples for nematodes, enchytraeids, micro-arthropods and macroarthropods were taken during the summers 1973 and 1974. The densities and biomasses of most animal groups were significantly higher in the drained sites in comparison to the virgin site. The average total biomasses were 2,38 g/m2, 5,84 g/m2 and 4,92 g/m2 for the virgin bog, young drainage area and old drainage area, respectively. Oribatid mites and enchytraeid worms consisted of 70—80 % of the total biomass in all the sites, the former dominating in the virgin bog, the latter in the drainage areas.

Vilkamaa, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Kristiina Jääskeläinen. Rämeen hillantuotanto.

English title: Cloudberry production in pine bogs.

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Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) production was studied in 1979 in four mire site types. The number of sample plots (4 m2) was 272. RaR and IR site types were studied both in the virgin and drained state. The crop values obtained (VNR 40.6 kg/ha, others 26.5—31.6 kg/ha) were rather high compared to those of earlier studies. This was probably due to the absence of night frost during the flowering period. In drained site types the mean crops were appr. 74 °/o of those in virgin bogs. In drained IR the cloudberry crop was appr. twofold compared to that of the drained RaR.

Jääskeläinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Tapio Lindholm. Ruskorahkasammalen kasvurytmistä Lammin Laaviosuolla.

English title: Growth rhythm of Sphagnum fuscum (Schimp.) Klinggr. in the Laaviosuo bog, Southern Finland.

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The growth rate of Sphagnum fuscum growing in the hummocks of an ombrotrophic raised bog was measured. The method used was a nylon textile strip, which was anchored in the peat so that the free end of the strip was above the hummock. The distance of a certain mark in the strip and the capitula of Sphagnum was measured weekly or biweekly. The data presented here are from the years 1976 and 1977. Moreover, the mire water table and daily precipitation was monitored. The annual growth of S. fuscum was about 10 mm, which was quite the same as in several previous studies around the Baltic sea. The importance of immediate moisture for S. fuscum growth was revealed. The correlation between growth and water table was r = 0,59, periods of zero-growth caused by low temperatures excluded. The periods when the growth was dependent only on the water table were grouped linearily on the upper margin of a correlation graph (fig. 2). Thus, they showed the possible maximum growth on different water tables when not restricted by any other factor. The points deviating from the regression line B (fig. 2) have different explanations. Partly they are due to low temperatures in spring and autumn, partly they depict the periods of unfavourable temperature or radiation conditions. Only in one case (1977, 10. fig. 1) the importance of direct seepage water from heavy rains was revealed. The results showed uninterrupted connection between water table and growth medium of S. fuscum. The mosses in general have been supposed to have quite an opportunistic strategy of growth. During the two growing periods studied this was seen concerning S. fuscum, too. There is in the background clear regulation, but, whether this is internally or externally governed, is not possible to conclude from this material and analysis.

Lindholm, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Antti Reinikainen. Metsänparannustoimenpiteiden vaikutuksesta suoekosysteemin kasvibiomassaan ja perustuotantoon.

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On the basis of case material collected in the studies of Kosonen (1976), Ouni (1977), Vasander (1981a) and Solmari (unpubl.) and with references to Paavilainen's (1980) material a review was made on the primary production patterns of mires ameliorated for forestry (Fig. 1). The available data represented poorly the variation of mire types, fertility classes, improvements and succession time. As first examples from c. 5,3 million hectares of ameliorated mires in Finland the results were published. The total biomass and tree-biomass increased parallelly being dependent on site type, original tree stand, treatment and time (Fig. 1, Table 1). The biomass of lower vegetation layers developed more irregularly. The field layer with changing species composition maintained its biomass better than the ground layer, which suffered most from the decreasing moisture and increasing canopy shadow. Along all the succession the proportions of lower vegetation in biomass decreased steeply. In 40—60 years the biomass distribution reached appr. the state of pine forests on mineral soils. Higher biomass of field layer was a reminder of mire succession. Above ground production (Fig. 1, Table 1) changed less than the biomass, but mainly increased. The total efficiency of the community was after drainage 103— 187 %, and after additional NPK fertilization 150— 230 %, of that in virgin mire type. The distribution of primary production changed so that the proportion of tree biomass increased. However, the amount of stem growth did not increase in the same degree.

Reinikainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Tapio Lindholm. Suppasuon kasviyhdyskuntien perustuotanto-ominaisuudet.

English title: Patterns of primary production of plant communities in a small kettle hole mire.

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The vegetation of a small kettle hole mire, which is situated near Lammi biological station in southern Finland and which has many different habitats, was mapped and a habitat map was constructed. The bio-mass and production of the vegetation in 13 different habitats was analyzed and measured. Moreover, some environmental parametres as fluctuation of ground water table was monitored. The vegetation of the mire consist of open and wooded habitats. The nutritional variation has eutrophic and ombrotrophic ends. There are also some special features due to the flooding and percolating water. An eutrophic habitat is VL. Mesotrophic habitats are TuSN, LuSN, RhNR, LuRhK. Oligotrophic habitats are SN, NR, KR, NK, KgK, Clear tendency to ombrotrophy have LkN and TR. Of these SN (almost), TuSN, LuSN, RhSN, VL and LkN are treeless habitats. The dry weight distribution from tree layer to ground layer mosses from all 13 habitats is presented. The material from field and ground layer was also grouped so that it illustrated the life form spectrum, trophic spectrum and spectrum of mire ecological factors, which can be seen in the dry weight relationship of the flora in different habitats. The greatest plant dry weight was found from dry and moderately fertile habitats. Ombrotrophy limits the production, but it does not prevent trees from growing. Wet habitats are treeless, but a moderately fertile substrate increases production. The eutrophic habitat was not the most productive one.

Lindholm, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Maritta Liedenpohja. Avosuotyyppien kasvillisuus, kasvibiomassa ja tuotos Janakkalan suurisuolla.

English title: Vegetation, biomass and production of fens in Suurisuo mire, Janakkala, Southern Finland.

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The vegetation as well as the biomass of the field and ground layers was described and the production of the field layer was determined in the following mire site types in 1979: LkN (ombrotrophic), SN (oligotrophic), RiN, RhSN (mesotrophic), VL, RiL, WaL (eutrophic). The total biomass was highest in RhSN (606.5 g/m2) and lowest in RiL (252.6 g/m2) due to the small cover of both layers. The production of the field layer was highest in those site types (RhSN, VL, SN) dominated by Carex rostrata. The highest biomass of the ground layer was found in the ombrotrophic LkN and the lowest in the eutrophic site types. Only in RiL this could be explained by the sparseness of the cover. When the total production was calculated by summing the field layer production with half the ground layer biomass, it was found to be highest in RhSN and lowest in the eutrophic site types RiL and RiN. The ombrotrophic LkN was placed in the middle of this series. It was concluded that high trophy which is partly correlated to wetness does not signify high production. It is, however, seen in the number of plant species and in the versatility of the production.

Liedenpohja, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Hannu Solmari, Harri Vasander. Neljän korpiyhdyskunnan kasvibiomassa ja -tuotos.

English title: Plant biomass and production in LhK, MK, MkK and MrK spruce/hardwood swamp sites.

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The total aboveground biomass and production of four mire site types (English names, see Ruuhijärvi & Reinikainen 1981) with rather stout tree stands were studied in Lammi, southern Finland. The o.b. volume of the stands was as follows: MK 251, MkK 167, LhK 120, MrK 83 m3/ha. The tree layer was proportionally the most significant component of the total biomass composing correspondingly 99,3, 98,3, 98,2 and 96,6 % of it. Among the spruce swamp sites the proportion of the ground layer increased as the shading of the tree layer decreased and the moistness of the site increased. At the same time the significance of the field and shrub layers decreased. The proportional annual production was highest in LhK (20,4 % of the biomass) where the tree stand consisted of hardwood species and the field layer of herbs. For this reason the absolute production also was higher there than in the spruce swamp sites where the production percentage of the communities was 3,4—5,8 %.

Solmari, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Vasander, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Raija Kosonen. Isovarpuisen rämeen kasvibiomassa ja tuotos.

English title: Plant biomass and production in a dwarf-shrub pine bog.

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An example of this very common pine bog site type was analyzed in Vilppula, Central Finland in the zone of eccentric bogs in 1973 and 1974. The mean above-ground biomass and net-production of different layers and plant species was determined (Table 1 and Fig 1). The total above-ground biomass on this sample plot of IR pine bog was 1872 g/m2 and the total production 234 g/m2. The biomass was dominated by tree stand (80,5 %), but in the production the lower layers were better represented (field layer 38,5 % and ground layer 14 %). The distribution of biomass and production was rather similar to that of different ombrotrofic bog types studied (see Vasander 1981 c). The most prominent distinguishing feature was the smallnes of moss biomass and production in the IR site type.

Kosonen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Harri Vasander. Keidasrämeen kasvibiomassa ja tuotos.

English title: Plant biomass and production in an ombrotrophic raised bog.

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The total plant biomass and production was studied in the eccentric raised bog Laaviosuo, Lammi, southern Finland in 1977 and 1978. For the study of field and ground layers the surface of the bog was divided into different plant communities: high hummocks, low hummocks, upper hollows, moist hollows and wet hollows with the proportions of 56.9, 17.3, 8.5, 10.5 and 6.8 % of the studied area (21 ha). For the material and methods see Lindholm & Vasander 1979, 1981, Vasander 1981 a, b. The total biomass of the bog was 1170.5 g/m2 and the total annual production 381.8 g/m2. The proportions of aboveground parts were 61 and 62 % respectively. Biomass proportions were: trees and seedlings 41 %, field layer 39 % and ground layer 20 %. Corresponding values for the total annual production were 10, 55 and 35 % (Fig. 1). In the hummocks the dominating species were dwarf shrubs and in the hollows, different Sphagnum species (Table 1). The total production of the studied bog was of similar magnitude as measured earlier in ombrot-rophic mire site types (Bacilevich 1967, Kosonen 1981) or somewhat smaller (P'yavchenko 1967, Kozlovskaya et al. 1978) due mainly to the differences in the ground layer values.

Vasander, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Rauno Ruuhijärvi, Antti Reinikainen. Luonnontilaisten ja ojitettujen soiden vertaileva ekosysteemianalyysi -projektin tutkimusohjelma.

English title: Research program of the project "Comparative analysis of virgin and forset-improved mire-ecosystem"".

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The background, establishment, organisation, study strategy and topics of a project carried out from 1973 to 1981 was described (for more details, see Ruuhijärvi et al. 1979). Initially the Finnish Forest Research Institute supported the project. Since 1978 it has been financed by the Academy of Finland, and working facilities and equipment were provided by the Forest Research Institute, Lammi Biological Station, and the Institutes of Botany and Zoology at the University of Helsinki. The studies concentrated on the primary production and the decomposition of mire ecosystems mainly in the virgin state, but examples of amelioration successions were also analysed. The study sites (Table 1) were selected from the area of southern boreal mires, mainly within the zone of eccentric raised bogs (Fig. 1). This number of the periodical ""Suo"" contains the main results and summaries of the separate studies made within the project. The classification of site types was the Finnish one and the type names were used in the Finnish form. Therefore, it is essential to study the Table 2 in this article. "

Ruuhijärvi, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Reinikainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Suo - Mires and peat vol. 32 no. 4-5 | 1981