Artikkelit kirjoittajalta Jyrki Hytönen
Profitability of biomass production of downy birch on cutaway peatlands.
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Annually 2 500–3 500 hectares have been released from peat production in Finland. To meet European Union targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, Finland has aimed at substituting fossil fuels with wood-based fuels. The afforestation of cutaway peatlands could create carbon sinks and compensate soil carbon fluxes (Hytönen et al. 2018). High nitrogen content of the residual peat enables high biomass production, while potassium and phosphorus nutrition can be secured e.g. by ash fertilization. Cutaway peatlands could be afforested cost-efficiently with native downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.), which is a primary successional tree species thriving on peatlands. Wood production would be based on natural seeding, early clear-cutting with whole-tree method, and coppice regeneration. This stand management system has shown potential for profitable production of energy biomass without subvention (Jylhä et al. 2015). The present study was aimed at assessing the profitability of growing downy birch on cutaway peatlands, based on empirical productivity models and a larger dataset than in the case study above.
Turvetuhka ja biotiitti männyn metsityslannoituksessa suonpohjalla.
English title: Peat ash and biotite in fertilization of Scots pine on an afforested cutaway peatland.
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In Finland peat is used in power generation, often burned with wood mixture resulting in mixed ash types. Peat ash is usually rich in phosphorus (P) but poor in potassium (K) and thus not as good fertilizer for peatland forests as wood ash. In this study we compared the effects of peat ash and peat ash with added potassium (potassium chloride or biotite) on the growth and nutrition of Scots pine seedlings on a cutaway peatland. In addition, peat ash was pelletized with biotite in one treatment. The treatments were applied around single trees with 10 replications. The study site was rich in N, but poor in P and K. Peat and foliar samples were analysed, and the height growth of seedlings was monitored for 17 years following the treatments. Pure peat ash had a positive effect on the growth of Scots pine but the survival rate of seedlings was not satisfactory. Peat ash enriched with potassium increased substantially growth of seedlings and increased the foliar K concentration compared to unfertilized control and peat ash alone. Pelletized peat ash and biotite gave similar results as the use of un-pelletized peat ash and biotite. Peat ash alone is not recommended for fertilization of Scots pine stands on drained peatlands. Adding K to peat ash enables recycling of large amounts of nutrients back to peatland forests, and is a good alternative to low-soluble P and K fertilizer. The granulation of the product would ensure good spreadability.
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Hytönen,
Natural Resources Institute Finland, Silmäjärventie 2, 69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
jyrki.hytonen@luke.fi
- Aro, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 3, 20520 Turku, Finland Sähköposti: lasse.aro@luke.fi
- Issakainen, Ratapellontie 11, 91500 Muhos, Finland Sähköposti: ji@nn.fi
- Moilanen, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Paavo Havaksen tie 3, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland Sähköposti: mikko.moilanen@luke.fi
Hakkuutähteiden ravinnesisältö aines- ja energiapuukorjuun jälkeen ojitettujen turvemaiden harvennusmänniköissä.
English title: The effect of harvesting method on the nutrient content of logging residues in the thinning of Scots pine stands on drained peatlands.
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Commercial thinning is a common practice when growing even-aged stands in the Nordic countries. Thinning from below is carried out to harvest suppressed and part of the mid-sized trees that cannot successfully compete for resources and have become grown over by co-dominant and dominant trees. In five field experiments, we studied the effects of harvesting method on the nutrient amount of logging residues left at the site in thinning of Scots pine stands. Comparison was carried out between four harvesting methods representing different levels for forest-residue recovery: SOH (stem-only harvesting down to a diameter of 7 cm, SOH-E (stem-only harvesting down to a diameter of 2 cm),WTH (whole-tree harvesting including stems, tops and branches) and WTH-M (WTH and manual collection of those logging residues which were left in mechanical harvesting). In each experiment, logging residues were weighed and sampled for determination of their nutrient concentrations, and soil samples were taken from the surface peat layer (0–20 cm) for nutrient analyses. In SOH treatments, all residues and nutrients bound in the logging residues were left at the site. In WTH 28–67% and in WTH-M 4–20% of the nutrients remained at the site, with the figure depending on the experiment. The amounts of N (1%), P (1–4%), Ca (2–5%), and Mg (3–8%) bound in the logging residues in SOH were low in comparison to the corresponding amounts in the 0–20 cm peat layer. However, the amount of K in logging residues represented 10–26% and the amount of B 8–15% compared with the corresponding nutrients in peat. The amount of N, P, and K in logging residues after CTL harvesting was 39–86, 3–7, and 9–21 kg•ha-1, respectively. The corresponding figures after WTH were 15–36, 1–3, and 3–9 kg ha-1. We assume that WHT on peatland sites that are prone to K deficiency or already have a detected shortage may increase a risk for nutrient imbalances and growth loss in remaining tree stand.
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Hytönen,
Natural Resources Institute Finland, Silmäjärventie 2, 69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kivennäismaalisäyksen vaikutus turpeen ravinnemääriin ja männyn ravinnetalouteen metsäojitetuilla soilla.
English title: Long term effects of mineral soil addition on the nutrient amounts of peat and on the nutrient status of Scots pine on drained mires.
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Six field experiments on the use of mineral soil for amelioration of pine-dominated peatland forests were established in the 1920’s and 1930’s on drained mires in southern and central Finland. The treatments consisted of varying amounts of different textured mineral soil added on top of peatland. Soil samples were taken 52–74 years after the mineral soil application in 10 cm layers, up to 40 or 50 cm depth. The samples were analysed for pH, ash content, bulk density and nutrient concentrations. In two of the experiments, foliar samples of Scots pine were analyzed 66 and 77 years after the mineral soil application, and in one experiment, tree growth was measured for the period of 31–60 years after the application. The mineral soil had a long term effect on the physical and chemical properties of the top peat layer. Ash content and bulk density of the peat increased along with increasing application amounts, as did soil total P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and B. The changes caused by the mineral soil were mostly restricted to the top 30 cm layer. The higher the soil fine fraction was, so was the increase in peat total P, K, Ca and Mg amounts. The addition of mineral soil increased tree growth and improved nutrient deficiencies (P, K) of Scots pine on one experiment, but decreased the B concentrations near the deficiency level.
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Hytönen,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Unit, P.O. Box 44, FI-69101 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silfverberg, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Puutuhkasta ja muista jäteaineista valmistetut pelletit rauduskoivun taimien ravinnelähteenä.
English title: Pellets made of wood ash and other wastes as nutrient sources for silver birch seedlings.
Avainsanat:
fertilization;
wood ash;
pelletized wastes;
mink dung;
municipal sewage sludge;
silver birch
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The effects of pellets made of wood ash and of ash mixed with other wastes (composted mink dung, composted municipal sewage sludge, dung from stomachs of slaughtered animals) on the growth and nutrition of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) seedlings was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Seedlings were grown in peat soil originating from a drained dwarf-shrub pine bog, peat soil from an afforested field, and in mineral soil. The pellets were applied in varying doses (0, 6, 12, 24, 48 t ha-1). When applied at the rate of 24 t ha-1, also the effect of pelletizing was studied. The pellets promoted the growth of the seedlings depending on the waste used, growing medium, and the application amount. The pellets containing the highest amounts of nitrogen had the effect of increasing growth most of all. As compared with the unpelletized-waste treatment, the use of pelletized waste material decreased seedling growth. This was probably due to the reduced solubility of the nutrients contained by the waste material when presented in pelletized form. Pellets increased the foliar nutrient concentrations of many elements depending on the waste used, the growing medium, and the application amount.
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Hytönen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, P.O. Box 44, FIN-69101 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Metsitettyjen turvepeltojen ja viereisten suometsien ravinnemäärät.
English title: Nutrient amounts of afforested peat fields and neighbouring peatland forests.
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Chemical and physical characteristics of afforested peat fields were compared with those of neighbouring peatland forests, i.e. naturally forested peatland sites drained to improve forest growth. Six study sites were selected with such sites located alongside an afforested peat field. On three of the fields, mineral soil had been added during cultivation as a soil amelioration agent. Most of the fields had been cultivated for 15–20 years before afforestation. Volumetric soil samples were taken and analysed for their total and ammonium acetate extractable nutrient concentrations (P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn). Kjeldahl N and B in H3PO4–H2SO4 were also analysed. The soil layers 0–20 cm (the field cultivation depth) and 20–40 cm were compared. The physical and chemical characteristics of the top soil in peat fields and neighbouring forests differed in many respects even after 25 years had passed since their afforestation. Bulk density, ash content and pH of the peat were higher in the cultivation layer of the fields than in the corresponding layer in peatland forests. In cases where mineral soil had been added to the peat fields, the amounts of P, K, Ca, Mn and Zn were higher in the 0–20 cm soil layer whereas the amounts of N and B did not significantly differ from those in the soils of peatland forests. The differences in the amounts of extractable nutrients between the field soils and forests soils were smaller; Ca and (when mineral soil had been added) also Fe and Zn concentrations were higher in the peat field soils than in the soils of peatland forests.
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Hytönen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, P.O.Box 44, FIN-69101 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Wall, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Painomaan vaikutus metsitetyn turvepellon ravinnemääriin.
English title: Effect of mineral soil admixture on the nutrient amounts of afforested peat fields.
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The effect of mineral soil, applied during the cultivation of fields, on the nutrient amounts of afforested peat fields was studied. 36 afforested peat fields (peat layer>40 cm) from Central Ostrobothnia (western Finland) and North Savo (central Finland) were sampled. Fields were divided into two groups on the basis of mineral soil addition. Volumetric soil samples (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 cm layers) were taken and and analyzed for their total and ammonium acetate extractable nutrient concentrations (P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn). Kjeldahl nitrogen and boron in H3PO4-H2SO4 were also analyzed. Nutrient amounts in different soil layers were calculated. Mineral soil, mainly silt, had been added on average 230 m3ha-1 in Central Ostrobothnia and 630 m3ha-1 in North Savo. Mineral soil was clearly detectable in the plough layer (0-20 cm) but seldom in the 30-40 cm layer as an increased bulk density and ash content. Mineral soil admixture increased most of the total nutrient amounts, but not nitrogen, calcium and boron. In the amounts of extractable nutrients the effect of mineral soil admixture was smaller.
Key words: afforestation, mineral soil, nutrition, peat fields
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Wall,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, P.O.Box 44, FIN-69101 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Hytönen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Lannoitemaaran vaikutus lyhytkiertoviljelmien ravinnetilaan ja biomassatuotokseen suonpohjilla.
English title: Effect of fertilizer application rate on nutrient status and biomass production in short-rotation plantations of willows on cutaway peatland areas.
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The effects of N, P and K fertilizer application rates on the biomass production, soil properties and foliar nutrient status were studied in willow plantations (Salix x dasyclados, Salix 'Aquatica') established on cut-away peatland areas at Haapavesi (64 06'N, 25 36'E and Ruukki (64'27'N, 25 26'E). When the amount of one of the nutrients in NPK-fertilization was changed (N 0-200 kg/ha, P 0-60 kg/ha, K 0-80 kg/ha) the others remained unchanged (N 100, P 30, K 40 kg/ha). Three field experiments were made. Increasing phosphorus and potassium application rates increased the concentrations of corresponding soil extractable nutrients. There was a positive correlation between the fertilizer application rate and the concentrations of foliar nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. During the first growing season, the effect of nitrogen fertilization on biomass production was modest, but during the second growing season the yield of willows increased the most when fertilized with 100-150 kg N/ha. Although phosphorus fertilization increased yields, already the smallest amounts (15 kg/ha) resulted in biomass yields as high when applying the largest phosphorus fertilizer amounts (60 kg/ha). Potassium fertilization did not increase biomass production in any of the experiments. The highest total biomass yields after three growing seasons were 28-30 t/ha. Their compositions were as follows: 44% wood, 18% bark, 17% foliage, 16% roots, and 5% stumpwood.
Key words: biomass production, cut-away peatland, fertilization, energy forestry, Salix
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Hytönen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, Box 44, FIN-69J 01 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Metsäteollisuuden bioliete ja kivihiilen tuhka rauduskoivun taimien ravinnelahteenä.
English title: Pulp biosludge and coal ash as nutrient sources for silver birch seedlings.
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Biosludge from a biological waste-water treatment plant was tested in a greenhouse experiment on three substrates at 7 levels (0-240 m3/ha). The growth of birch seedlings was best on nitrogen poor substrate collected from a Vaccinium vitis-idaea (VT) forest site. NPK-fertilization was superior to sludge treatments on poor peat substrate. Biosludge increased the foliar nitrogen content on all three soils. Nutritional value of coal ash was tested at 17 levels (0.4-160 t/ha) on mineral soil from an afforested field. Low application levels of coal ash (400-1600 kg/ha) increased the growth of the birch seedlings more than other applications. However, even extremely high coal ash amounts (up to 160 t/ha) were not lethal for birch seedlings. Coal ash increased foliar boron contents two to three fold and with applications higher than 20 t/ha increase was five to seven fold. Birches planted in 1978 on a coal ash landfilling area showed good survival and growth, despite toxic boron contents and visual disturbances in the leaves.
Key words: Boron toxicity, fertilization, peat substrate, recycling
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Veijalainen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silfverberg, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Hytönen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Energiapajujen lannoituksesta entisillä turvetuotantoalueilla.
English title: The fertilization of energy willow plantations growing on worked-out peat extraction fields.
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The possibilities of producing wood biomass as an energy source in intensive willow plantations is currently being studied as part of the PERA Project (Wood as a Source of Energy) at the Finnish Forest Research Institute. The pH of the peat substrate in areas no longer used for peat production is usually, without soil amelioration, too low for the satisfactory development of the roots of willow. The peat in swamp bottoms has a low phosphorus and potassium content, and the large amounts of nitrogen that are present are bound in an unavailable form in the organic matter. Willows have proved to be very demanding plants. They take up considerable amounts of nutrients — phosphorus and potassium and especially nitrogen — and the amount of nutrients bound in the park and stemwood is many times that bound by birch and pine. The harvesting of the complete above-ground biomass of young willow stands at short intervals may increase the need for fertilization.
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Hytönen,
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
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