Artikkelit kirjoittajalta Jorma Issakainen
Turvetuhka ja biotiitti männyn metsityslannoituksessa suonpohjalla.
English title: Peat ash and biotite in fertilization of Scots pine on an afforested cutaway peatland.
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In Finland peat is used in power generation, often burned with wood mixture resulting in mixed ash types. Peat ash is usually rich in phosphorus (P) but poor in potassium (K) and thus not as good fertilizer for peatland forests as wood ash. In this study we compared the effects of peat ash and peat ash with added potassium (potassium chloride or biotite) on the growth and nutrition of Scots pine seedlings on a cutaway peatland. In addition, peat ash was pelletized with biotite in one treatment. The treatments were applied around single trees with 10 replications. The study site was rich in N, but poor in P and K. Peat and foliar samples were analysed, and the height growth of seedlings was monitored for 17 years following the treatments. Pure peat ash had a positive effect on the growth of Scots pine but the survival rate of seedlings was not satisfactory. Peat ash enriched with potassium increased substantially growth of seedlings and increased the foliar K concentration compared to unfertilized control and peat ash alone. Pelletized peat ash and biotite gave similar results as the use of un-pelletized peat ash and biotite. Peat ash alone is not recommended for fertilization of Scots pine stands on drained peatlands. Adding K to peat ash enables recycling of large amounts of nutrients back to peatland forests, and is a good alternative to low-soluble P and K fertilizer. The granulation of the product would ensure good spreadability.
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Hytönen,
Natural Resources Institute Finland, Silmäjärventie 2, 69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
jyrki.hytonen@luke.fi
- Aro, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 3, 20520 Turku, Finland Sähköposti: lasse.aro@luke.fi
- Issakainen, Ratapellontie 11, 91500 Muhos, Finland Sähköposti: ji@nn.fi
- Moilanen, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Paavo Havaksen tie 3, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland Sähköposti: mikko.moilanen@luke.fi
Mäntypuustojen runkotilavuus ja ravinnetila ojitusalueiden tehoviljelykokeilla.
English title: Stem volume and nutrient status of Scots pine stands in intensive vultivation experiments on drained peatlands.
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Metsäntutkimuslaitos perusti vuosina 1973–1978 ojitusaluemetsiin maanlaajuisen nk. H-kulttuurikoesarjan. H-kulttuurilla tarkoitetaan metsänuudistamis- ja kasvatustapaa, jossa puuntuotannon olosuhteet — puiden vesi- ja ravinnetalous sekä myös puunkorjuu — on optimoitu puuntuotoksen ja metsänkasvatuksen talouden maksimoimiseksi. Vuosien 1999–2003 aikana tästä koesarjasta mitattiin yhdeksän koetta. Kokeiden perustamisesta oli tällöin kulunut 24–30 vuotta. Mitatut kohteet olivat istutusmänniköitä, jotka saivat istutuksen yhteydessä laikku- tai kaistalannoituksen. Kasvupaikat vaihtelivat karuista keskiviljaviin; kohteiden ravinnetila (turpeen typpi, neulasten pääravinteet) oli varsin hyvä. Yleiset kasvutekijät (lämpösumma, viljavuus) ovat määränneet puuntuotoksen tason. Pelkän istutuslannoituksen saaneilla koealoilla runkopuun kokonaistuotos oli kokeesta riippuen 46–192 m3 ha–1. Vuonna 1994 tehtyjen jatkolannoituskäsittelyjen vaikutus vaihteli suuresti. Parhaiten kasvaneella Padasjoen mustikkaturvekankaalla tuotokset olivat 1973 1999, käsittelystä riippuen, 182–238 m3 ha–1. Kokeiden perustamisvaiheessa esitettyihin tuotostavoitteisiin (300 m3 ha–1 30 vuodessa) ei päästy missään kokeessa. Nykykäsityksen mukaan manuaaliseen puunkorjuuseen perustunut ja paljon hoitotöitä vaatinut H-kulttuuri tuottaa liian kallista puuta. Ajatukseltaan ja toteutukseltaan tämä tutkimuksellinen lähestymistapa on kuitenkin ollut kokopuukorjuu- ja energiametsäasioiden edelläkävijä.
Avainsanat: intensiivinen kasvatus, kokonaistuotos, lannoitus, neulaset, turvemaa
Key words: intensive cultivation, total yield, fertilisation, needles, peatland hiilen kierto, Fennoskandia, Holoseeni, Pohjois-Venäjä, palsa, ikirouta, kasvimakrofossiili, radiohiiliajoitus
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Silfverberg,
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Haikarainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Pinus sylvestris L. on drained peatlands.
English title: Long-term effects of apatite and biotite on the nutrient and stand growth of Scots pine.
Avainsanat:
phosphorus;
potassium;
nutrient status;
Fertilisation;
nutrient deficiency;
drained peatland;
potassium chloride;
rock phosphate
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Phosphorus and potassium deficiencies are common in Scots pine stands growing on drained peatlands. In this study, the foliar nutrient concentrations and stand growth were monitored after the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilisers of different solubility in four experiments on thick-peated drained peatlands in northern central Finland. The studied stands involved three fertilisation treatments: (i) unfertilised control, (ii) rock phosphate and potassium chloride, and (iii) apatite and biotite. The growth of stands was monitored 20–25 years after the fertilisation. Needles were sampled four times: 4–9, 11–14, 16–19 and 21–24 years after the fertilisation.
According to foliar analyses, the trees on the control plots suffered from severe phosphorus and potassium deficiencies. Rock phosphate and apatite fertilisation increased the foliar phosphorus concentrations above the deficiency limit, and the effect was still noticeable 21–24 years after the application. Both potassium sources, that is, the slowly soluble biotite and the water-soluble potassium chloride increased the foliar potassium concentration to an adequate level. Potassium chloride increased the concentrations faster and stronger than biotite during the first years (4–9) after the applications. The situation was reversed when 11–14 years or more had passed from the fertilisation: the biotite fertilised stands had higher potassium concentrations. The fertilisation treatments decreased the foliar nitrogen, zinc, manganese, copper and boron concentrations.
The fertiliser applications increased the stand volume growth considerably. Raw phosphate and potassium chloride increased the volume growth significantly already during the first five-year period. The effect of the apatite and biotite treatment was weaker during the first 10 years, but became stronger with time. During the period 19–24 years after the fertilisation, the stand growth on the biotite plots was equal to that of the plots fertilised with potassium chloride. However, during the whole study period the differences between the treatments remained insignificant.
The results showed that slowly soluble apatite and biotite are suitable sources of phosphorus and potassium for pines on drained peatlands. However, to avoid boron deficiency, also boron should be added simultaneously.
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Moilanen,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Station, Kirkkosaarentie 7, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Pietiläinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Apatiitti- ja flogopiittilannoituksen vaikutus männyn neulasten ravinnepitoisuuksiin ojitetuilla rämeillä.
English title: Effect of apatite and phlogopite application on the needle nutrient concentrations of Pinus sylvestris (L.) on drained pine mires.
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Pine nutrition was monitored after the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilisers of different solubility in 12 experiments on drained mires in northern Central Finland. Ten experiments involved the following three treatments: (i) control, (ii) fertilisation with rock phosphate and potassium chloride, and (iii) fertilisation with apatite ore or enriched apatite and phlogopite. Two experiments focused on the fertiliser amount. In seven experiments needle samples were collected three times: 3-7, 11-14 and 16-19 years after fertilisation and in the others once or twice (after 10-17 years). The stands suffered from phosphorus and potassium shortage on the unfertilised plots. Rock phosphate had raised the needle phosphorus concentrations slightly more than apatite by 5-7 and 11-14 years after fertilisation. By the last sampling apatite (16-19 years after) had raised the concentrations to about the same or to a higher level than rock phosphate. Potassium chloride raised the concentrations more than phlogopite during the first few years after fertilisation but the situation had reversed by 11-14 years. Five years later the change was even more pronounced. The needle potassium concentrations increased slightly with the increasing application amounts on the nitrogen-rich sites. Fertilisation with PK lowered the needle zinc, manganese, copper and boron concentrations especially on the nitrogen-rich sites.
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Kaunisto,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, Kaironiementie 54, FIN-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Puutuhkalannoituksen kannattavuus eräissä ojitusaluemänniköissä.
English title: The profitability of wood ash-fertilizing of drained peatland Scots pine stands.
Avainsanat:
Scots pine;
wood ash;
forest fertilization;
internal rate of return;
net present value;
stem volume
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The profitability of wood ash-fertilizing (5-16 t ha-1) of four drained peatland Scots pine stands in central Finland was investigated. The profitability of forest drainage alone and forest drainage plus ash-fertilization was compared. After 44-56 years, the wood ash-fertilization had increased mean productivity by 3.1-12.1 m3 ha-1 a-1. Using an interest rate of 3 % and without subsidies, the net present value of the stands was 2500-20300 FIM ha-1 higher as a result of the ash-fertilization than the value given by forest drainage alone. The real internal rate of return due to ash-fertilization without subsidies was 3.7-9.3 %. The interest rate, the fertilization dose and related costs, and the stumpage prices affected profitability. The state forest improvement subsidies further increased the profitablity of ash-fertilization.
Key words: forest fertilization, internal rate of return, net present value, Scots pine, stem volume, wood ash
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Lauhanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, FIN-69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silfverberg, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Takamaa, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Lannoituksen vaikutus kuusikoiden kasvuun ja ravinnetilaan ojitetuilla turvemailla Pohjois-Suomessa.
English title: Effects of fertilization on tree growt and nutrient status of Norway spruce stands on drained peatlands in northern Finland.
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Abstract: The stand-level responses to fertilization and refertilization were studied in seven factorial field experiments established in 1974-1976. The factors were nitrogen fertilization (N) and phosphorus-potassium fertilization (PK). The factorial treatments were applied at two levels: (i) control and (ii) fertilized with a dosage following the currently used Finnish forest fertilization guide-lines. The spruce-dominated stands were selected from areas drained according to normal forestry practises between 1932 and 1969. The sites covered fairly well the trophic variation that occurs on spruce-dominated peatlands in the mid-boreal zone in Finland. Tree growth was monitored during two periods of five to seven years. The second period followed the refertilization in 1985. At the end of the second period, one-year-old sun-exposed needles were sampled from the four southernmost stands for nutrient analyses. The effects of fertilization on tree growth were generally fairly weak and insignificant, especially during the first study period. After refertilization, the effect of N was positive in three stands on mesotrophic sites. The foliar nutrient analyses of unfertilized spruces showed low concentrations of N, P and Cu. PK-fertilization increased foliar P concentrations and, in some cases, also K concentrations. Since the PK-fertilizer included some borate, it also increased foliar B concentrations. N-fertilization did not affect foliar N, P or K concentrations but it decreased foliar concentrations of Ca, Zn, and B in some cases. Both the growth responses and the foliar nutrient analyses indicated that nitrogen was the most deficient macro-nutrient.
Key words: foliar nutrients, growth responses, mires, nitrogen, phosphorus, Picea abies, potassium
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Moilanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Station, Kirkkosaarentie, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Penttilä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turpeentuhkan vaikutuksesta puuston kasvuun ja ravinnetilaan käytännön lannoitustyömailla.
English title: Growth and foliar nutrients in peat-ash fertilized stands.
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This study included growth and needle analysis in ash-fertilized spruce and pine stands near Oulu (65 °N, 26 °E). Most of these stands, totalling 770 measured trees, were on peat and fertilized in wintertime 1980 and 1981 as practical work with 40 m3/ha. By 1985 there was a clear increment of growth, especially in spruce stands, probably due to the great amount of phosphorus (375 kg/ha) applied.
Keywords: peatland forestry, tree growth, ash-fertilization, phosphorus.
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Silfverberg,
Department of Peatland Forestry, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Unioninkatu 40 A, 00170 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
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