Artikkelit jotka sisältää sanan 'conservation'
Ekosysteemipalvelut, vapaaehtoisuus ja soidensuojelu.
English title: Ecosystem services, voluntariness and mire conservation.
English keywords:
peat;
Nature conservation;
METSO-programme;
recreation;
regulating services;
supporting services
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Ekosysteemipalvelut ja vapaaehtoisuus ovat nousseet Suomen luonnonsuojelupolitiikassa keskiöön EU:n ympäristöpolitiikan ja METSO-ohjelman myötä. Tutkimme tässä artikkelissa, (a) kuinka ekosysteemipalvelut ja (b) suojelukeinojen vapaaehtoisuuden näkökulma tulevat esille soiden suojelupolitiikan määrittelyyn liittyvissä keskusteluissa ja (c) minkälaisen kokonaisuuden ekosysteemipalvelukeskustelun ja vapaaehtoisuuden näkökulma muodostaa? Analysoimme kvalitatiivisesti kolmea aineistoa: valtioneuvoston periaatepäätöstä soiden ja turvemaiden kestävästä ja vastuullisesta käytöstä ja suojelusta, soidensuojelua koskevaa asiantuntijakeskustelua ajalta ennen soidensuojelun täydennysohjelman valmistelua sekä julkista, ohjelman valmistelun aikaista verkkokeskustelua otakantaa.fi -sivustolla. Sekä vapaaehtoisuus että ekosysteemipalvelut näkyivät soidensuojelun täydennysohjelmaan liittyvässä keskustelussa. Otakantaa.fi -sivustolla keskustelu oli henkilökohtaisempaa ja vastakkaisasettelevampaa kuin muissa aineistoissa. Ekosysteemipalveluista nousivat esiin etenkin tuotantopalvelut turve ja puu, jotka nähtiin molemmat sekä resursseina että haitan aiheuttajina. Myös henkilökohtaiset, virkistykseen liittyvät palvelut, joihin yhdistettiin myös marjat ja riista, herättivät paljon keskustelua. Abstraktimmat säätely- ja tukipalvelut jäivät aineistoissa sivuosaan. Vapaaehtoisuutta pidettiin toivottavana, mutta toisaalta vapaaehtoisuuden toimivuus suojelukeinona kyseenalaistettiin. Ekosysteemipalveluista puhuminen näyttäytyi kiinnostavasti tiukan suojelun puolustamisena vastakohtana vapaaehtoisuudelle. Soiden suojelun keinot pyrkivät yhdistämään vapaaehtoisuuden ja ekosysteemipalveluiden tuotannon, mutta keskusteluissa käsitteet eivät ole löytäneet toisiaan.
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Salomaa,
Ympäristötieteiden laitos, Helsingin yliopisto. PL 65, 0014 Helsingin yliopisto
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Paloniemi, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Arokosteikot: ekologia, esiintyminen ja suojelutilanne Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla ja Kainuussa.
English title: Aro wetlands: ecology, occurrence and conservation in north-central Finland.
Avainsanat:
Nature conservation;
aapa mire;
ecological gradient;
Finnish mire site type system;
groundwater;
mire complex;
peatland morpology;
seasonal drought;
wetland classification
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The present paper introduces and describes a poorly known wetland type – aro wetland – in well permeable mineral soil substratum in Northern Ostrobothnia and Kainuu (between 64° – 66° N lat.). Field observations (linked with the interpretation of aerial photographs) were made in 32 localities, whose conservation status is presented. We define boreal aro wetlands ecologically as a seasonal wetland type of their own which occur on well-drained mineral soil, which are mainly characterised by treeless, mire expanse fen vegetation and in which the peat accumulation is (almost) totally hampered by the vigorous decomposition of the organic matter resulting from an extremely unstable water regime (flood and seasonal drought) and small plant production. Aro wetlands in the western part of the study area occur on sandy substratum (the largest in parts of mire complexes split by ancient raised beach ridges), whereas in the eastern part the aro wetlands known so far are small pond-like depressions in till substratum. Carex lasiocarpa (mostly) dominates the vegetation on sandy substratum. Juncus filiformis and Carex nigra are typical, and Rhynchospora fusca and Molinia caerulea a bit rarer. Sphagnum cover is usually minimal. Considering aro wetlands an extreme case of suo (mire) makes the stability of water regime (stable – unstable) a direction of variation in the traditional Finnish mire site type system, which is based on several ecological gradients.
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Laitinen,
University of Oulu, Department of Biology, Botany, P.O.Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Rehell, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Huttunen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Eurola, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Karjalan tasavallan Vodlajärven kansallispuistossa sijaitsevan Lishkansuon kasvillisuus.
English title: Vegetation of Lishkmokh mire in Vodlozersky National Park, eastern Karelian republic, Russia.
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The article presents the results of Finnish-Karelian co-operation in mire conservation research with the aim to study the diversity of mires in Finland and Russian Karelia on a uniform basis. The classification of mires in Finnish and Karelian schools of vegetation science has been compared. The vegetation of Lishkmokh mire has been studied using aerial photographs and field surveys. The area consists of ombrotrophic bog complexes as well as aapamires, all in a totally virgin state. As a result of the surveys, two maps of vegetation have been compiled. Results of vegetation analyses in releves have been presented in the form of tables and DCA ordination. According to the Finnish mire classification, 32 mire site types have been distinguished, which is a high number in an area of c. 2000 ha. On the basis of the high diversity of site types, and the occurrence of some rare plant species, e.g. Juncus stygius, Drepanocladus vernicosus and Meesia triquetra as well as some eastern species like Rubus humulifolius and Polygonum bistorta, the conservation value of Lishkmokh mire can be considered as very high.
Key words: Karelia, mire classification, mire conservation, mire vegetation
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Antipin,
Karelian Research Centre, Biological Institute, Laboratory of mire ecosystems, Pushkinskaya 11, RUS-185610 Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Heikkilä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Lindholm, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tokarev, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Viron suot ja niiden käyttö.
English title: Estonian mires and their utilization.
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In this paper, the mire classification system and its development in Estonia are reviewed. In addition the utilization of mires for peat harvesting, forestry, agriculture and conservation are outlined. There are two main groups of mires in Estonia — an eastern and a western type. Mire vegetation has been classified according to site conditions, community composition and structure. During the primary succession of mire communities, a number of fen communities converge to a smaller number of bog communities. The post-drainage succession is also convergent. Estonian mires are intensively utilized for peat harvesting. There is a clear need for a comprehensive mire protection and utilization plan.
Keywords: Classification, Estonia, nature conservation, succession, vegetation
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Zobel,
Department of Botany and Ecology, Tartu University, Lai St. 40, Tartu, Estonia
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soidensuojelun kehitys Suomessa.
English title: The development of mire preservation in Finland.
Avainsanat:
peatlands;
Nature conservation
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The preservation of Finnish mires effectively started in 1965 when the Finnish Association for Nature Protection and the Finnish Peatland Society formed a joint committee for mire protection. This committee, chaired by the author, produced a conservation programme primarily for state-owned lands, comprising altogether 209 protection areas in different vegetation zones of Finland. Consequently, the majority of the areas suggested came under the jurisdiction of the National Board of Forestry.
In 1976, a new working group was established by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to assess the scientific basis of peatland protection and to prepare a comprehensive national programme for preserving Finnish mires. Most of the members of the previous committee were able to participate in the activities of the new working group. In 1979 and 1981 the Finnish Government approved in principle the basic protection plans which included approximately 600 mires covering a combined area of 0.5 Mha. In addition, national parks and strict nature reserves contain about 0.2 Mha of mires. The objective is to preserve ca. 7% of the original area (10 Mha) of Finnish peatlands. During the 1980s, some 400 000 ha of mire preservation areas have been established on state-owned land, while about 85 000 ha of privately-owned mires (included in the conservation programme) still remain unprotected. There is a clear need to complete the mire conservation programme, especially in southern Finland.
Keywords: Nature conservation, peatlands
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Ruuhijärvi,
University of Helsinki, Department of Botany, Ecological Laboratories, Fabianinkatu 24A, SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soidensuojelun perusohjelman toteuttaminen.
English title: Basic plan for peatland nature conservation in Finland.
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The Government of Finland has approved a basic plan for peatland preservation. About 600 mire sites have been proposed for conservation, covering an area of ca. 490 000 hectares. State-owned mires (70 % of the area in the programme) will be protected under the Nature Conservation Act of 1923 (71/23). The mires under other ownership will be acquired by the state for preservation purposes or protected by a decision of the provincial government concerned. A special management and land use plan is to be prepared for every protected peatland area which will be approved by the Ministry of Environment.
Key words: peatland conservation, nature protection, management
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Kaakkinen,
Provincial government in Oulu, P.O. Box 293, SF-90101 Oulu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Salminen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Lapin kolmion lettoisista soista.
English title: The rich fens of the Lapland triangle region.
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The Lapland triangle region, located between the lower courses of the rivers Tornion-joki and Kemijoki in NW-Finland covers an area of 3500 km2. The region is renowed for its concentration of rich fen mire site types, including Campylium stellatum — Limprichtia intermedia — rich fens, eutrophic flark fens, eutrophic birch fens, eutrophic pine mires and eutrophic spruce mires. Peatlands cover about 60 % of the total land area of the region. By the end of the 1970's some 90 % of the area of rich fens had been drained and utilized for cultivation and forestry purposes and several plant species had become endangered. Although some 20 sites have been listed for conservation, enforcement so far has been very limited.
Keywords: fens, peatland drainage, endangered species, conservation.
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Ylimartimo,
Department of Silviculture, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 40 B, SF-00I70, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
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