Artikkelit kirjoittajalta Risto Lauhanen
Katsaus turvetuotannosta vapautuvien suonpohjien jälkikäyttömuotoihin, sekä niiden ympäristö- ja monimuotoisuusvaikutuksiin.
Tuuli- ja aurinkovoima kasvattavat suosiotaan turvetuotannosta vapautuvien suonpohjien jälkikäyttömuotona: Aluetarkastelu Etelä-Pohjanmaalta.
Kunnostusojituksen vaikutus rämemänniköiden kehitykseen.
English title: Effects of maintaining ditch networks on the development of Scots pine stands.
Avainsanat:
forest drainage;
peatland;
ditch cleaning;
complementary ditching;
tree stand;
Pinus sylvestris L.;
volume growth
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This study aimed at finding out the effects of maintaining ditch systems by ditch cleaning and complementary ditching on volume growth of drained Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Volume growth during the first ten post-treatment years was increased by 0.16 m3 ha-1 a-1 after ditch cleaning, 0.36 m3 ha-1 a-1 after complementary ditching, and 0.48 m3 ha-1 a-1 after the combined treatment. The average growth reactions during the second five-year period were considerably higher than during the first one. No drastic reductions in stand growth, however, occurred in the untreated plots during the post-treatment period of ten years.
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Lauhanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kaironiementie 54, FIN-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ahti, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kunnostusojituksen vaikutus rämeiden ravinnetilaan.
English title: Effect of drainage maintenance on the nutrient status on drained Scots pine mires.
Avainsanat:
forest drainage;
peat;
Scots pine;
ditch cleaning;
complementary ditching;
nutrients;
needles
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The effects of drainage maintenance on the nutrient contents in peat and Scots pine needles on drained pine mires were studied. The material consisted of twelve Finnish field experiments. Drainage maintenance (increasing ditching intensity; no treatment at all, mere ditch cleaning, mere complementary ditching, and both of them together) was carried out in 1982-1985. The needles were sampled in 1994-1995 and peat in 1996. There were great differences in the site types and consequently also in the peat and needle nutrient concentrations between the experiments. The needle Mn concentrations demonstrated a fairly good drainage status in all the treatments. Drainage maintenance had only minor effects on the nutrient status of peat and needles. Ditch cleaning decreased magnesium, manganese and zink amounts in the surface peat. Increasing the intensity of drainage maintenance increased the 100-needle dry mass, but decreased the needle boron concentrations. Peat and needle nitrogen concentrations increased slightly (not significantly) along with the increased intensity in drainage maintenance. The peat nutrients classified correctly 83.7% of the fertility classes for drained peatlands.
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Lauhanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kaironiementie 54, FIN-39700, Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kaunisto, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kunnostusojitustarpeen arviointi Pohjois-Suomessa.
English title: Evaluation of the need for ditch network maintenance in northern Finland.
Avainsanat:
forest drainage;
ditch cleaning;
complementary drainage;
tree stand;
stand growth;
decision making
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Factors affecting the need for ditch network maintenance in northern Finland were studied. In addition, the effect of ditch network maintenance on stand growth was estimated. A dataset containing ditch, tree stand, site type and climate variables was built up on the basis of the permanent sample plots (SINKA) on peatlands. Regression analysis as well as discriminant analysis were used to identify factors and criteria that could be used to identify sites that would respond to ditch network maintenance. Instead of the ditch condition class, ditch age and depth proved to be the variables reflecting the need for ditch network maintenance. The volume of the tree stand was influenced the most by the temperature sum and age of ditching. Stand volume growth was influenced the most by the volume of the tree stand. The site type index or the volume of the tree stand did not give useful information for the planning of ditch network maintenance. When ditch age was 10-40 years, complementary ditching increased annual stand growth of pine mires by 0.6-1.0 and 1.5-1.9 m3 ha-1 a-1 on spruce-birch swamps.
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Lauhanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, FIN-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Piiroinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Penttilä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kolehmainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Puutuhkalannoituksen kannattavuus eräissä ojitusaluemänniköissä.
English title: The profitability of wood ash-fertilizing of drained peatland Scots pine stands.
Avainsanat:
Scots pine;
wood ash;
forest fertilization;
internal rate of return;
net present value;
stem volume
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The profitability of wood ash-fertilizing (5-16 t ha-1) of four drained peatland Scots pine stands in central Finland was investigated. The profitability of forest drainage alone and forest drainage plus ash-fertilization was compared. After 44-56 years, the wood ash-fertilization had increased mean productivity by 3.1-12.1 m3 ha-1 a-1. Using an interest rate of 3 % and without subsidies, the net present value of the stands was 2500-20300 FIM ha-1 higher as a result of the ash-fertilization than the value given by forest drainage alone. The real internal rate of return due to ash-fertilization without subsidies was 3.7-9.3 %. The interest rate, the fertilization dose and related costs, and the stumpage prices affected profitability. The state forest improvement subsidies further increased the profitablity of ash-fertilization.
Key words: forest fertilization, internal rate of return, net present value, Scots pine, stem volume, wood ash
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Lauhanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, FIN-69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silfverberg, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Takamaa, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kaivinkoneiden tuottavuus, työnjälki ja kustannukset maanmuokkauksessa turvemailla.
English title: The productivity, work quality and the operation costs of excavators in site preparation on peatlands.
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Four excavators were studied in site preparation in different excavation difficulty classes (1-3) during the unfrozen period in the central and the northern Ostrobothnia in western Finland. In mounding the mean productivity (per effective hour) of the excavators was 0.17 ha h-1 and in scarification 0.32 ha h-1, respectively. The work quality was acceptable. In mounding and scarification, the mean number of planting positions was about 3600 per hectare. The mean height of the mound was about 28 cm, the mean dimensions of the scarified surface being 330 cm x 75 cm. The operation costs were 268-388 FIM per hour, if the price of the excavator was 400 000-1000 000 FIM.
Key words: excavator, mounding, scarification, work studies.
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Lauhanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, FIN-69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kunnostusojitusvaihtoehtojen vesistövaikutusten asiantuntija-avusteinen arviointi ja liittäminen päätösanalyysiin.
English title: Assessing the impacts of ditch network maintenance on water ecosystems on the basis of expert knowledge and integrating the assessment into decision analysis.
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Abstract: The study applies the combined use of the Delphi technique and the analytic hierarchy process to the assessment of ditch network maintenance alternatives and their impacts on water ecosystems. The results of the assessment are utilised in multi-criteria decision support. Impacts of ditch network maintenance on water systems need to be assessed on the basis of expert knowledge, because no quantitative impact assessment models applicable in numerical decision analyses are available. Ideally, the assessment process results in a compromise between the opinions of several experts involved. If no consensus can be reached, the final results are calculated as weighted means of the opinions. For the weighting stage, the competence of the experts should be determined. The method is illustrated and tested in the light of a case study where five experts assessed five ditch network maintenance alternatives with respect to the protection of nearby water ecosystems. The case study area is located in western Finland. It is a peatland site with an old ditch network needing maintenance from the viewpoint of wood production. With the volume increment of the tree stand and the protection of water systems as the criteria, and utilising ecological expertise in the assessment of alternatives concerning the protection criterion, multi-criteria analysis recommended the 'no treatments' alternative.
Key words: AHP, Delphi, ditch network maintenance, environmental protection, forest planning
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Kangas,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, P.O.Box 44, FIN-69101 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Lauhanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Väri-infrakuvat kunnostusojituksen kohdevalinnan tukena.
English title: Usability of infra red imagery in the planning of ditch network maintenance.
Avainsanat:
forest drainage;
biodiversity;
ditch cleaning;
environmental protection;
complementary ditching;
IR imagery;
decision making system
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The purpose of the study was to determine the usability of infra red imagery in evaluating the need for ditch network maintenance on nutrient-poor Scots pine mires. After interpreting a total of 75 tree stands in six peatland areas from the IR imagery, the stands were inventoried in the field. Site type, growing stock and ditch condition were determined. In addition, possible silvicultural treatments were suggested. Sphagnum fuscum, reddish-brown in the imagery indicated ditching areas unsuitable for ditch cleaning or complementary ditching. The estimated mean volumes of the tree stands were -37-+11% of the mean ground inventory values. The true proportions of tree species were in good agreement with the estimations based on the TR imagery. All in all, it was concluded that IR imagery is suitable in evaluating the need for ditch network maintenance on nutrient-poor mires. However, the validity of the method depended on the quality of the imagery and the skill of the interpreter.
Keywords: forest drainage, ditch cleaning, complementary ditching, IR imagery, decision making system, environmental protection, biodiversity
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Lauhanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station,FIN-69101 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Pietiläinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Saarinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Heikkinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kaivukaluston aiheuttamat puustovauriot kunnostusojituksessa.
English title: Tree damage caused by excavating machines in ditch network maintenance.
Avainsanat:
forest drainage;
excavator;
ditch cleaning;
work studies;
backhoe;
ditch digging;
environmental protection
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An inventory of tree damage caused by five excavators, four backhoes and one small-size single-track backhoe was carried out in western Finland during the frost free season. The proportion of damaged trees was 1.1-2.4 % in tree stands ditched using backhoes and excavators, if the ditch lines had been opened in advance. The corresponding proportion caused by the single-track backhoe was 0.9%, if the ditch lines had not been opened in advance. The damage to tree stands was affected by the machine type, the work type and the width of the opened ditch line. Excavators caused more stem damage in the ditch cleaning than backhoes did (p<0.02). The mean distances of the damaged trees from the center line of the ditch were 226-264 cm on the work sites ditched using backhoes and excavators. The mean DBH of the damaged trees was 8-10 cm depending on work and machine type. The optimum width of the ditch line for the different machine types was assumed to be 400-500 cm when considering the growth losses of tree stand, the tree damage and the work productivity.
Keywords: backhoe, ditch cleaning, ditch digging, environmental protection, excavator, forest drainage, work studies
R. Lauhanen, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, FIN-69101 Kannus, Finland
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Lauhanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, FIN-69101 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kaivukaluston tuottavuus, työnjalki ja kustannukset kunnostusojituksessa.
English title: The productivity, work quality and the costs of employing backhoes and excavators in ditch network maintenance.
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Four backhoes and four excavators were studied in different excavation difficulty classes (1-5) during the unfrozen period in the western part of Finland. The productivity (per effective hour) of the backhoes in ditch digging (additional ditching) was 54-172 m/h and 68-202 m/h in ditch cleaning. The productivity of the excavators was 114-289 m/h and 88-250 m/h, respectively. Productivity decreased as the difficulty class increased. It was affected by the width of the ditch line opening, the stoniness, and ditch depth. Productivity seemed to be affected by the machine operator, too. The work quality was acceptable. The operating costs were 268-388 FIM per hour for the machines costing 400 000-1000 000 FIM.
Key words: additional ditching, ditch cleaning, excavating machines, forest drainage, work studies
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Lauhanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, FIN-69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Metsäojien jatkuvan kunnossapidon vaikutus ojitusalueiden tilaan Keski-Pohjanmaalla.
English title: Effects of continuous ditch network maintenance on the condition of forest drainage areas in Central Ostrobothnia district.
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The estimated annual need for ditch network maintenance in Finnish peatland forests is over 100 000 hectares, most of it consisting of ditch cleaning. However, there are not enough funds available for the needs of remedial ditching. In addition, environmental aspects in peatland forestry must be considered more than in the past. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate alternative work methods of ditch network maintenance. This paper presents the effects of continuous ditch network maintenance on the dimensions and the condition of ditches, as well as on the development of the tree stands on ditched sites.
Key words: Alternative excavating methods, ditch maintenance, forest drainage, stand volume
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Isoaho,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, FIN-69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Lauhanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Saarinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
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